Mind and Culture

Internalization: How culture becomes mind

Internalization, the process by which culture becomes mind, is a core concept in cultural psychology. However, since the 1990s it has also been the source of debate. Critiques have focused on the underlying metaphor of internal-external as problematic. It has been proposed that appropriation provides a better conceptualization, a term that focuses attention more on behavior and less on psycholo...

Evolution, Culture, and the Human Mind

Chinese Characters, Chinese Culture and Chinese Mind

Writing forms whether in terms of Chinese characters and Chinese ideographs, phonetic alphabet or numeric systems – are created by and thus reflect culture, mind, and social reality. In turn, these writing forms exert great impact on the culture and mind of their users. This article contends that in addition to the cultural content that the Chinese writing system conveys, the media of Chinese c...

Culture, mind, and the brain: current evidence and future directions.

Current research on culture focuses on independence and interdependence and documents numerous East-West psychological differences, with an increasing emphasis placed on cognitive mediating mechanisms. Lost in this literature is a time-honored idea of culture as a collective process composed of cross-generationally transmitted values and associated behavioral patterns (i.e., practices). A new m...

4 The Primate Mind before Tools , Language , and Culture